A group of digital integrated circuits having standardized input-output characteristics that share a fundamental circuit architecture. Digital circuits deal with signals that are constrained to the extremes of zero and some full value. Analog circuits, on the other hand, allow signals to change constantly within the constraints set by power supply voltage and circuit resistances. These circuits are used in digital computing and “true/false” logical processes.
What is Digital Integrated Circuit (IC)
Digital integrated circuits are the more prevalent form, owing to the large number of digital devices (not only computers) that utilise them. Transistors in digital integrated circuits are employed as switches rather than amplifiers. This implies that each transistor dissipates extremely little heat, allowing digital ICs to be built with hundreds, thousands, or even millions of transistors. Furthermore, heat-dissipating components (resistors) can be eliminated since switching from a transistor to a resistor is simple when both approaches are used (and an IC transistor can be physically smaller than a resistor).
Students, hobbyists, and professional circuit designers can all profit from integrated circuits that provide a variety of pre-engineered functionality at a reasonable cost. Most integrated circuits provide the same functionality as “discrete” semiconductor circuits at a lower cost and with improved levels of dependability.
The circuits in this chapter will predominantly employ CMOS technology, as this type of IC design allows for a wide variety of power supply voltage while consuming very little power.
Though static electricity can harm CMOS circuitry (high voltages can pierce the insulating barriers in MOSFET transistors), contemporary CMOS ICs are significantly more tolerant to electrostatic discharge than older CMOS ICs, lowering the likelihood of chip failure due to improper handling.
Anti-static foam for storage and transit of ICs, as well as steps to prevent static charge from building up on your body, are all part of proper CMOS handling (use of a grounding wrist strap, or frequently touching a grounded object).
Key Features of Digital IC
TTL circuits require a 5 volt controlled power supply voltage and will not tolerate any significant departure from this voltage level. Any TTL circuits in this chapter will be clearly identified as such, and you should be aware of their specific power needs.
When creating digital circuits using integrated circuit “chips,” a breadboard with power supply “rail” connections along the length of the board is highly recommended.
These are a series of electrically connected holes on the breadboard that run the length of the board. DC power will be supplied to any part of the breadboard through connection through short jumper wires if one is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the other to the negative terminal: With so many of these integrated circuits having “reset,” “enable,” and “disable” terminals that must be kept in a “high” or “low” state, not to mention the VDD (or VCC) and ground power terminals that must be connected to the power supply, having both power supply terminals readily available for connection at any point along the board’s length is extremely useful.
These power supply “rail” holes can be found on most breadboards, although others don’t. I’ve been demonstrating circuits with a breadboard that doesn’t have this functionality up until now, merely to illustrate how ne555p isn’t strictly essential.
Digital circuits, on the other hand, appear to need more power supply connections than other types of breadboard circuits, making this feature more than simply a convenience.
How do Digital Integrated Circuits Work?
Integrated circuits are a reduced mix of diodes, microprocessors, and transistors on a silicon wafer…. Transistors are used to store voltages or act as circuit stabilizers. They may be used to magnify a signal as well as act as switches in digital circuits.
Integrated circuits are a reduced mix of diodes, microprocessors, and transistors on a silicon wafer. Each of these parts has a distinct purpose. When these are coupled, they can conduct computations and many jobs.
Diodes
Diodes are electrical components that regulate the flow of current in a circuit. They also regulate the direction of the current, allowing it to flow solely in particular directions.
Transistors
Transistors are used to store voltages or act as circuit stabilizers. They may be used to magnify a signal as well as act as switches in digital circuits. With the use of a gate that opens at a specific voltage, they may let a specific amount of voltage into the circuit.
Microprocessors
The most significant component of an integrated circuit is the microprocessor. The purpose of this is to supply memory to the system. It also allows memory to do computations and adhere to a set of rules or logic. This instructs the CPU to process the system’s data and electricity. As a result, it becomes the integrated circuit’s operating system, allowing the components to communicate with one another.
Integrated circuits may now be found in nearly every electrical device, from televisions to wristwatches, and from computers to juicers. Anything may be created and produced using discrete electrical components and then incorporated into an integrated circuit, therefore the possibilities for ICs are endless.
Audio amplifiers, logic devices, memory devices, radiofrequency decoders and encoders, and video processors are all instances of integrated circuits. However, computing is one of the most common uses for integrated circuits. As a result, instead of thousands of transistors in prior computers, today’s PCs only feature a few ICs.
Different Types of Digital ICs
Digital integrated circuits are divided into several groups. A set of devices developed utilizing a combination of numerous automated gates is referred to as a digital electronic circuit. Individual or stand-alone logic levels and supply voltage power make up a family. It’s worth noting that different series of digital integrated circuits have different benefits and drawbacks. Furthermore, within each family, certain voltage ranges may be low or high. A list of digital integrated circuit series/families is shown below:
Diode Logic
When it comes to Diode Logic, the complete logic is implemented through the use of diodes and resistors. A diode or the primary purpose of a DL or logic diode is to perform the “and” or “or” operator.
Resistor-Transistor Logic
When it comes to the resistor-transistor thesis (RTL), resistors and transistors are used to implement the complete logic. Resistors’ electronics, like the others, are not costly and are much too easy to design. The only disadvantage is that RTLs consume a lot of electricity.
Diode-Transistor Logic
When it comes to diode-transistor logic (DTL), transistors and diodes are used to implement the full logic. In comparison to resistor-transistor and diode logic, DTL provides a few benefits. Its diodes, for example, are capable of performing OR and AND operations with ease. Another advantage of DTL is that it can do OR operations with diodes rather than resistors.
Transistor-Transistor Logic
The logic gates in TTL, or transistor-transistor logic, are built around transistors. The transistor-transistor thesis uses bipolar transistors and is available in several variations. Schottky TTL, High-speed TTL, Low-power TTL, and Standard TTL are the different variations. Transistor-transistor logic is now one of the quickest bi-polar circuits available.
Emitter Coupled Logic
There are no storage delays since the transistors do not reach severe saturation. In applications involving high-speed movement, transistor-transistor logic is used.
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic) is well renowned for its low power consumption and high fan-out. CMOS is used in a variety of applications including microprocessors. One of the most dependable logic families is CMOS.
